Influenza Assignment Essay Sample free essay sample

1. At the twist of the century. the United States experienced one of the most haunting pandemics the universe has ever known †the Spanish grippe. The grippe. brought about by H1N1 infection. killed 675. 000 Americans during World War I. Around forty mature ages consequently. in 1957. another pandemics brought about by H2N2 executed around 70. 000 Americans. The infection. which contained cistrons from human and avian grippe. was preeminent distinguished in China so quickly circulate to different pieces of the universe. In 1968. an ejection of H3N2 infection ( which other than was the result of homo and avian grippe cistrons ) happened and caused 34. 000 perishes among Americans. The latest occurring of grippe infections was what called the â€Å"Swine Flu. † The Swine Flu was brought about by another strain of H1N1 infection and had it episode only last twelvemonth in 2009. 2. For my task. I need to remove three from five individuals to give vaccinations or rhinal shower to in light of the constrained asset. My pick. in the wake of holding done the examination. would be: 1. Intruder Phlegmenstein †the multi year-old pharmacist for the vaccinum. 2. Helen Hornblower †the multi year-old grandmother for the vaccinum. what's more, 3. Lars Loogenkugel †the multi year-old school understudy for the rhinal fog grippe shooting. I pick Lars for the rhinal fog grippe shooting. Blending to the Centers for Disease Control ( CDC ) and Prevention. nasal shower ought to just be given to solid individuals age 2-49 and non pregnant. Since Lars is the solitary individual inside the endorsed age and is non pregnant. he is by all accounts the solitary pick! The others in the gathering all appear to be at equivalent danger of getting the grippe. by and by. I pick Bogey and Helen to give the vaccinums to in light of the fact that there are more justification for me to make so. Helen is at risk in light of the fact that principal. she’s a matured †the gathering of individuals that is at high peril of getting grippe. fitting to CDC. Second. Helen’sgrandchildren are juvenile ( 3. 5 and 8 mature ages old enough ) and they visit her actually as often as possible. Her oldest grandkid has asthma which. blending to the Government Medicare’s site. places her at more peril of getting the grippe if her grandma has it. Last. I decide to give Helen the shooting in light of the fact that here she can procure it for nothing. Helen’s standard meds previously cost her bunch of cash since her Medicare does non spread it for her. Following. I pick Bogey since he has three risk factors. First. he’s in the age bunch that is progressively inclined to securing sick from grippe ( individuals over the age of 50. orchestrating to CDC ) . He other than has a past filled with holding optional bronchitis and pneumonia which. blending to the Government Medicare’s site. topographic point him â€Å"at higher danger for holding clinical difficulties from grippe and ought to have the grippe shooting. † Last. Intruder works at a pharmaceutics. where he is presented to upchuck individuals that semen and secure their clinical claims to fame. That expands his danger of getting the grippe. I do non take Nadia †the pregnant grown-up female in light of the fact that despite the fact that she is in one of the gatherings that have high risk of procuring grippe. she has ever been sound. Her work environment appears to be more secure than Bogey’s and her hubby ( who is the solitary individual she associates with at place ) has methodicallly had vaccinations. Other than. despite the fact that Nadia keeps an eye on sister’s multi year-old twins. it only occurs once in a while so the childs are non at high peril of holding the grippe if their auntie has it. I other than do non take Marian. the multi month-old darling who is other than in one of the gatherings that face high peril of holding grippe ( kids more youthful than 2 mature ages old. orchestrating to CDC ) . Her wellbeing proficient ( which is her mama ) works at a since quite a while ago run consideration establishment. which puts her at high risk however luckily. Marian’s mama has just been inoculated. It diminishes the danger of the mama gaining sick and passes it to her darling. ConsumerReports. Organization other than exhorts that â€Å"If your child has had at least three ear contaminations in a single winter. you may want to ask your doctor about obtaining an influenza vaccinum. † Marian has had ear diseases twice in the previous 8 months and that conceivably something to take into concern. I would rede the mama to take her to a doctor preeminent prior giving her any influenza shootings. 3. There are many bar designs one can take to prevent themselves from getting the grippe. These examples. recommended by the Student Health Service of the University of Pennsylvania. include: 1. Wash authorities. Make it much of the time in light of the fact that generally cold and influenza infections travel through authorities. The best one to stop the spread is flushing authorities regularly and maintaining a strategic distance from direct contact with beginnings of sources. 2. Drink plentifulness of liquids. The ground is on the grounds that H2O helps becoming flushed your frameworks and smothering toxicants from your natural structure. A mean adult needs around eight 8-ounce spectacless of liquids every twenty-four hours. 3. Eat supplements joining phytochemicals. â€Å"Phyto† implies workss and the characteristic synthetic substances in workss give you a group of nutrients required while battling grippe. Brilliant veggies ( especially dull green. reddish and xanthous 1s ) are extraordinary beginnings of nutrients. Along these lines. on the other hand of taking nutrient pills. you ought to eat more veggies. 4. Cause oxygen consuming activities to apply all the time. Applying gives you and progressively sound and solid chest. It other than helps increment normal infection executing cells in the natural structure. 5. Don’t smoke or soak up. These awful wonts debilitate your safe framework and you will be bound to get a grippe than the individuals who don’t smoke or drink. 4. Despite the fact that I do non give Nadia and Marian this season's cold virus shootings. I will in any case rede them to look for the immunizations somewhere else. For Nadia’s trepidation of obtaining Guillian Barre Syndrome. I will refer to Flu. Gov’s Fact Sheet about Guillian Syndrome. â€Å"Except for the pig grippe vaccinum utilized in 1976. no other grippe vaccinums have been plainly connected to GBS. † The vaccinum Nadia’s uncle had is extremely unique in relation to the one being utilized at the present time so there is little interest for her to be concerned. In any case. in the event that Nadia obtains sick. what she should make is remain place. bound contacts with others and guzzle plentifulness of liquids. In the event that Nadia begin to create febrility. she should deal with it directly off with Datril ( Tylenolâ ® ) . which is â€Å"the best nonprescription mediation of febrility in pregnancy† blending to Flu. Gov. For Marian. I. a s holding said. would rede her mama to take her to the doctor preeminent so her status is checked. After that. in the event that the angel is sound. I would ask a grippe going for her. With respect to the mama. who is the main wellbeing expert of Marian. I would instruct her to ever flush her guardianships before fixing supplement for her child. In the event that she secures sick with the grippe. what she should make is limit contacts with the angel. Other than. she should set on a â€Å"surgical mask† ( accessible at apothecarys shops ) â€Å"before indicting in any action inside 3-6 pess of [ the ] infant. † ( as prompted by CDC ) . Next to the two individuals who do non procure the shooting. I would other than rede Bogey †the pharmacist †to get a past immunization for pneumococcal pneumonia to hinder him from being sick with it again ( fitting to Government Medicare ) . Part II Question 4: A cytokine storm implies an expansion in the figure of antibodies that surpass the interest of the natural structure and cause injury to it. In a flu contamination. cytokine happens when the natural structure overcompensates to the infective miniaturized scale life form and conveys unreasonably numerous antibodies that then again of executing it. the overwhelming antibodies influence the assortment meats to glitch and accomplish more injury to the natural structure than the miniaturized scale living being truly does. Question 3: Antigenic impetuss are little modifications in the infection that happen each twelvemonth and are unsurprising. It creates new infection strains that the insusceptible framework may non recognize. That is the reason influenza vaccinum are refreshed each twelvemonth so as to suit with the new strains of infection and individuals will hold to gain a grippe shooting each twelvemonth in the event that they need to be secured. Question 4: Antigenic removals are significant adjustments in the infection that are non unsurprising. It creates new and perilous infection strains that the guileless populace are non arranged for. accordingly outcome in rapid spreads and pandemics. Death rate that outcomes from antigenic relocations can be high. Question 8: Edward Jenner was a British specialist conceived in May 1796. who led examinations to comprehend why dairymaids didn’t get little syphilis. Jenner scratched cowpox bruises. grounded them and transformed them into a fluid arrangement that can be infused in people’s covering. By making so. he concocted the clench hand vaccinum ever that prevented variola. His work is the establishment of immunology. Question 10: Side effects of the virus regularly incorporate wheezing. sore pharynx. little achings. choping hack. stodgy nose and gentle to seat chest awkwardness. Influenza side effects are ordinarily progressively awful. They ordinarily incorporate febrility. concern. achings and strivings. exhaustion or most extreme fatigue. chest awkwardness and hacking can be horrible. Notices â€Å"12 Important Tips to Prevent Cold and Flu Infection. † University of Pennsylvania †Office of Heath Education. Gotten to 23 October 2010 from hypertext move convention:/www. vpul. upenn. edu/ohe/library/cold/forestall. htm â€Å"Vaccines and How They Work. † ( 3 December 2009 ) . ConsumerReports. Organization. Gotten to 23 October 2010 from hypertext move convention:/www. c

Why People Do Not Write an Essay About Their Literacy History

Why People Do Not Write an Essay About Their Literacy HistoryThere are a lot of ways to generate new thoughts from your existing knowledge. It is possible to get a free essay sample by doing research online or through any educational institutions. A free essay sample can serve as a guide in developing your own writing style in the form of an essay.In order to understand why people do not prefer to write an essay about their literacy history, it would be important to see the structure of the free essay samples. It starts with an introduction, a summary, a topic statement, and ending with a conclusion.The introduction is a common type of introduction. It is a brief introduction that briefly describes the nature of the topic and includes what the essay will be discussing. When it comes to the topic statement, it is a statement that defines the main question or thesis of the essay.The statement is a good starting point for developing a well-structured outline for the essay. After a write r has established the main points of the essay, he or she can use the topic statement to organize the other parts of the essay. Using the topic statement is also a way to make sure that you don't forget to include the most important information that can help your essay to stand out from others.After establishing a very short but effective outline, a writer can then move on to the second part of the free essay samples. In this part, the writer will be asked to submit a written answer to the question posed in the introduction. A good writer knows how to capture the right image in the essay.The third part of the free essay samples are the samples of essays that the essay writers have already submitted. These essays are good examples of how to structure a written essay and what types of topics can be covered by a literate person. They can help the writer to formulate a better idea of the types of topics that he or she can address in the rest of the essay.After coming up with an outline, a writer can then move on to the next section of the free essay samples. These are the final parts of the samples. The essay writers will write an essay sample that incorporates their strengths, weaknesses, and abilities.By taking advantage of free essay samples that are written by well-known writers, a writer can write an essay that is unique and sets him or her apart from the crowd. Writing essays is not an easy task, as it requires a number of skills. If a writer can learn to utilize the free essay samples that he or she can find on the internet, he or she can avoid the trial and error.

USS Maine explosion Essay Example

USS Maine blast Paper The US Maine, bafflingly detonated in the Havana Harbor, Cuba. A few people say it was a mine planted by an obscure source to attempt to detonate the US Maine, others think it was McKinley causing a set to up for motivation to announce war on Cuba. Be that as it may, by and by I think it was a coincidental blast cause by a flaw in the boat. While investigating proof of the blast I saw places where the metal was bowed out, proposing the blast originated from within, similar to an inadvertent fire brought about by the set up of the boat. The fuel in the US Maine was kept in he transport directly close to the ammo, with one little mix-up the entire boat could go up on fire with an enormous blast, sinking the boat. The boat appears as though the most harm happened in the focal point of the boat, supporting that it was a mishap from within. The other proof that persuades that it was coincidental is the manner in which the media in America depicted the individuals living in Cuba. They had pictures of frail, wiped out, thin and ineffectively dressed individuals everything being equal. To me that recommended that we needed individuals to help and feel frustrated about the individuals of Cuba, not to do battle with them. The pictures make me believe that we think they arent ready to safeguard themselves on the off chance that we ended up doing battle with them. Likewise, there was no proof that shows the shell of the boat twisting internal from the blast, which implies that except if It was missed in the Images, the blast originated from the Inside of the boat. We will compose a custom exposition test on USS Maine blast explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on USS Maine blast explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on USS Maine blast explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer At the point when we did a recreation of the manner in which the shell of the boat would bend In the effect of a shot by tossing a bundle of tin foil tossed a sheet of tin foil and taking a gander at the passageway purpose of the foil ball. When contrasting the boats pictures with the recorded perceptions from the tin foil recreation there Isnt anything In the injuries indicating any likenesses. The Images Just seem as though the metal of the boat Is dissolved from fire. As should be obvious from all the proof that I have thought about and broke down from the US Maine blast It would have been far-fetched for It to be harm and bound to be a mishap. In this manner I feel that every single other chance, for example, a set up by McKinley or a mine planted by Cuba or some other explanation wouldnt bode well, or have genuine proof to back It. In this manner I think the main practical purpose for the US Maine blast Is that It was a coincidental blast cause by a deficiency In the boat.

Certificate of Need Project - Free Essay Example

Certificate of Need Project The Certificate of Need (CON) program is a mechanism used by some states to restrain or control health care facility costs and to allow for the coordinated planning of new services and construction. The CON program was created by the National Health Planning and Resource Development Act (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“NHPRDAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) in 1974. After the passage of NHPRDA states not having a CON process begin establishing rules for the CON process at the state level. In 1986 the Federal CON mandate was repealed, allowing states to determine its own CON process, if any at all. This paper will discuss Floridaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s CON process to include facilities requiring CON, steps in the CON process, appeals process, and exempt geographic locations. The CON program began in Florida in the year of 1973 with a primary reason for establishment being the promotion of cost containment by controlling unnecessary duplication of health care services and facilit ies. Floridaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s CON regulatory process is governed by the Florida Statutes sections 408.031 through 408.045 and the Florida Administrative Code Chapter 59C-1. Since 1992 Floridaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s CON program has been administered by the Agency for Health Care Administration (AHCA). Floridaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s CON regulatory process requires certain health care providers to obtain state approval before offering new or modified services. Facilities that require a CON (FS 408.036) Currently Floridaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s CON program regulates acute care hospitals, long-term care facilities, nursing homes, hospices, intermediate care facilities; services include neo-natal intensive care services, organ transplant services, open heart surgery, substance/drug abuse services, and psychiatric servicesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ requiring these healthcare facilities and service areas to go through the CON process. Florida Statutes section 408.036 identifies the following healthcare r elated projects subject to CON review by way of an application with AHCA: (1) addition of beds in community nursing homes or intermediate care facilities for the developmentally disabled by new construction or alteration; (2) new construction or establishment of additional health care facilities, including a replacement health care facility when the proposed project site is not located on the same site as or within 1 mile of the existing health care facility, if the number of beds in each licensed bed category will not increase; (3) conversion from one type of health care facility to another, including the conversion from a general hospital, a specialty hospital, or a long-term care hospital; (4) establishment of a hospice or hospice inpatient facility; (5) increase in the number of beds for comprehensive rehabilitation; and (6) establishment of tertiary health services, including inpatient comprehensive rehabilitation services. Steps in Floridaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s CON process (FS 408.039) The CON application steps are inclusive of a letter of intent, application review, and staff recommendation and decision from AHCA. The CON review process is funded through the collection of fees assessed to the CON applicantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ minimum base fee of $10,000 and an additional 0.015 of each dollar of proposed expenditure with the total fee not exceed $50,000. A letter of intent is to be filed at least 30 days prior to the published application deadline due date for the particular batching cycle. The letter of intent must contain a description of the proposed project; specify the number of beds sought, if any; identify the services to be provided; the location; and identify the applicant. Within 21 days after the letter of intent is received, AHCA publishes notice of letters of intent filed in the Florida Administrative Register. Following the letter of intent, the applicant has to file an application to the agency along with the $10,000 fee. Within 15 d ays after the application filing deadline, AHCA has to determine if the application is complete. If the application is incomplete, AHCA can provide a one-time written response to the applicant indicating the section(s) of the application that are incomplete and request specific information from the applicant that would be necessary to complete the application. AHCAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s requested information has to be filed within 21 days after the applicantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s receipt of the request. Requested information not timely received, the application will be deemed incomplete and deemed withdrawn from consideration. Fourteen days after the notice of application has been filed, the applicant or a substantially affected person can request a public hearing which may be held at the agencyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s discretion. Twenty one days after the application is deemed complete, a local-level public hearing has to be held. A public hearing allows all parties to present their positions and any rebuttal information. The public hearing has to have a verbatim record of the hearing. Within 60 days after all the applications in the batching cycle are deemed complete, AHCA will issue a State Agency Action Report and Notice of Intent to (1) grant a CON in its entirety, (2) grant a CON for identifiable portions of the project, or (3) deny the CON. AHCA shall publish its proposed decision within 14 days after the Notice of Intent is issued. If an administrative hearing is not requested, the State Agency Action Report and the Notice of Intent will become the agencyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s final order with a copy provided to the appropriate local health council. Appeal process once the CON is granted (FS 408.039) The administrative appeals process ensures that all applicants are entitled to challenge the initial decision of the Agency through the administrative hearing process. Any party requesting an administrative hearing must do so within 21 days after AHCAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Notice of Intent is published in the Florida Administrative Register. Hearings shall be held in Tallahassee unless the administrative law judge (ALJ) determines that changing the location will facilitate the proceedings. Unless an ALJ issues a continuance, hearings will be held within 60 days of the ALJ being assigned to the case. A recommended order will be issued by the judge. After the recommended order is issued, AHCA must issue its final order within 45 days. Any party to an administrative hearing has the right to seek a judicial review from the District Court of Appeals within 30 days of the date of the final order. AHCA is party to all such proceedings. During the review, the court will affirm the final order unless it is arbitrary, capricious or not in compliance with applicable Statutes. Geographic location exempt from CON (FS 408.036) With the exception of eligible rural geographic locations, the Florida Statues did not address locations exempt from CON pro cess. When exemptions are allowed, AHCA has the authority to exempt eligible services from the CON project review process. Exemptions includes hospice services or swing beds in a rural hospital when one-half of its licensed beds is not exceeded and also conversion of licensed acute care hospital beds to Medicare and Medicaid certified skilled nursing beds in a rural hospital when construction of new facility is not involved and/or the total number of skilled nursing beds do not exceed one-half of the total number of licensed beds in the rural hospital. Other services exempt from CON process includes inmate health care facilities built by or for the exclusive use of the Department of Corrections and also state veteransà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ nursing homes operated by or on behalf of the Florida Department of Veteransà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Affairs. Resource: The 2014 Florida Statutes, sections 408.031 through 408.045. Retrieved October 22, 2014 from https://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statute s/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_StatuteURL=0400- 0499/0408/0408.html

Does Pornography Exploit or Liberate Women Essay

Almost as lucrative as the oil industry; the omnipresent multi-media pornography industry is said to be more profitable than the music and video industries combined. The European Parliament (2003) estimates that more than two-thirds of the  £252 million spent by European internet users during 2001 was received by various pornographic websites. This recorded expenditure does not, however, account for the widely available non-internet based pornographic literature, theatre and DVD trade, or for prostitution – the age-old trade from which the term pornography is derived (Potter, 1998); thus effectively deeming the pornography industry to be indescribably profitable. As the pornography industry is undeniably extortionately profitable, such an†¦show more content†¦The wide availability of pornographic material can be argued to be the main attraction to employment within the industry; a notion anti-porn campaigners often utilise for their argument that pornography exploit s women. Although the spectrum of pornography caters for almost all types of personal sexual gratification, the vast majority of conventional pornographic material is heterosexual male oriented (Castleman, 2009), therefore allowing for seemingly endless opportunities for willing female actresses to gain employment. Whilst pro-porn campaigners and liberal feminists alike argue that such demand allows for potentially lucrative career prospects, opponents of pornography and radical feminists respond in a much more aversive manner (Haralambos Holborn, 2004). Westerstrand (OConnor, 2006) likens the trading of womens bodies to the black market organ trade, noting that although some people may decide to sell their organs out of financial desperation, purchasers of organs should be prosecuted. This notion is furthered by OConnor, who states that â€Å"The sale of women for sexual exploitation is therefore an intrinsic violation,Show MoreRelatedCalculus Oaper13589 Words   |  55 Pagesis to the mother, she asks, could not the natural sexual orientation of both men and women be toward women? Rich s radical questioning has been a major intellectual force in the general feminist reorientation to sexual matters in recent years, and her conception of a lesbian continuum sparked especially intense debate. Does lesbianism incorporate all support systems and intense interactions among women, or is it a specifically erotic choice? What is gained and what is lost with the secondRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagesto would-be writers in the world (e.g. weblog, fan-fiction sites, video-sharing sites) †¢ As a repository of entertainment, at least, the Internet seems to render the book insufficient and in many ways, pathetic Info not the same †¢ Internet does not include the entire corpus of the written word †¢ Books are increasingly finding their way onto the Internet, info digitized (google books) †¢ Much knowledge residing in books today that have not found their way onto the Internet (exclusiveRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesHartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by MichaelRead MoreMarketing and E-commerce Business65852 Words   |  264 Pageswe attempt to bring a strong sense of business realism and sensitivity to the often exaggerated descriptions of e-commerce. As founders of a dot.com company and participants in the e-commerce revolution, we have learned that the â€Å"e† in e-commerce does not stand for â€Å"easy.† The Web and e-commerce have caused a major revolution in marketing and advertising in the United States. We spend two chapters discussing online marketing viii Preface and advertising. Chapter 6 discusses â€Å"traditional†

Essay about Martin Luther King Jr. - 2910 Words

Martin Luther King Jr. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. not only spoke with purpose but also with a style unlike any others. He was an inspirational speaker and a motivational leader. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., due to his importance in the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, motivated masses with his tremendous speeches and actions. Dr. King utilized his charisma and inspirational tactics to change the views and beliefs of a nation and to lead his people throughout their course of the civil rights movement. His personality consisted of every good characteristic needed of a leader. He was sensible at all times and his ability to clearly state his ideas and thoughts surrounding peace and equality in the United States. There were†¦show more content†¦While attending classes in Chester, Pennsylvania, right near downtown Philadelphia, Martin became the senior class president and also earned the prestigious valedictorian. 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TheyRead More Martin Luther King Jr. Essay637 Words   |  3 Pages Martin Luther King, Jr. was perhaps one of the most influential person of our time. As the father of modern civil rights movement, Dr.Martin Luther king, Jr., is recognized around the world as a symbol of freedom and peace. Born January 15, 1929, King was the son of an Atlanta pastor. King accomplished many achievements during his life. He graduated from Morehouse as a minister in 1948 and went on to Crozer Theological seminary in Chester, Pa., where he earned a divinity degree. After that King

Critical Analysis of the Octoroon Essay Example For Students

Critical Analysis of the Octoroon Essay The Octoroon, only considered second amongst antebellum melodramas, is a play written by Irish author Dion Boucicaut. The play focuses on the Plantation Terrebonne, the Peyton estate and its residents, namely it’s slaves. During the time of its premiere, The Octoroon, inspired conversations about the abolition of slavery as well as the overall mistreatment of the African Americans. Derived from the Spanish language, the word ‘octoroon’ is defined as one who is 1/8th black. Zoe Peyton, , â€Å"The Octoroon†, is the supposedly â€Å"freed† biological daughter of Judge Peyton, former owner of the plantation. In play, the lovers, Zoe and the judges prodigal nephew, George Peyton, are thwarted in their quest by race and the the evil maneuverings of a material-obsessed overseer named Jacob MClosky. MClosky wants Zoe and Terrebonne, and schemes to buy both. Boucicault’s play focuses on the denial of liberty, identity, and dignity, while ironically preserving common African-American stereotypes of the antebellum period. The play does this through several characters, most importantly, through Zoe and the Household slave Pete. While the author attempts to evoke anti-slavery sentiments, the play is largely in ineffectual of being a true indictment of slavery by further perpetuating the African American stereotypes. Zoe, the octoroon, serves as a means for the author to explore themes of racial prejudice without an excessively black protagonist; she is black, but not too black. She plays the role of the tragic mulatto a stock character that was typical of antebellum literature. The purpose of the tragic mulatto† was to allow the reader to pity the plight of oppressed or enslaved races, but only through a veil of whiteness†. Through this veil the reader does not truly pity one of a different race but rather the reader pities one who is made as close to their race as possible. This is made evident especially in Zoes speech patterns. Compared to the other black characters, even the white characters, such as Scudder and M’Closky, Zoe displays a usage of language superior to that of theirs, showing she received an extensive education. Zoes first entrance in play begins with Am I late, Ah! Mr. Scudder, good morning. (Act I, pg. ) The formality expressed in Zoes first line, is only expressed the plays white characters, with the other black characters addressing the white characters with titles of Masr or Missey. The slaves even address Zoe as Missey Zoe comparable to Zoes romantic rival, Dora Sunnyside, who is also addressed as Missey Dora. The title given to Zoe elevates her position above that of the other black characters. Zoes â€Å"’ one drop in eight’† roots have been trained and thoroughly tamed so that she is virtually a white woman. Thus Zoe plays to the trope of the female tragic octoroon, a light-skinned woman raised as if a white woman in her fathers household, until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial position and sold. (Gross, What Blood Won’t)The octoroon, desires a white lover above all else, and must therefore go down to a tragic end. (Brown, Negro Poetry and.. ) She is a woman who has all the social graces that come along with being a middle-class or upper-class white woman and yet Zoe is nonetheless subjected to slavery. The mulatto is also highly sexualized. In some slave markets, mulattoes and quadroons brought higher prices, because of their use as sexual objects. The mulatto approached the white ideal of female attractiveness the mulatto afforded the slave owner the opportunity to rape, with impunity, a woman who was physically white (or near-white) but legally black. † (Furnas, Goodbye Uncle Tom) This is evident as M’Closky eyes Zoe in Act I, â€Å"‘Dam that girl; she makes me quiver when I think of her; she’s took me for all I’m worth. ’† Then later admits to Zoe, â€Å"‘Come, Zoe, don’t be a fool. .u032905811e60ba3381c6305ce6e45c25 , .u032905811e60ba3381c6305ce6e45c25 .postImageUrl , .u032905811e60ba3381c6305ce6e45c25 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u032905811e60ba3381c6305ce6e45c25 , .u032905811e60ba3381c6305ce6e45c25:hover , .u032905811e60ba3381c6305ce6e45c25:visited , .u032905811e60ba3381c6305ce6e45c25:active { border:0!important; } .u032905811e60ba3381c6305ce6e45c25 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u032905811e60ba3381c6305ce6e45c25 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u032905811e60ba3381c6305ce6e45c25:active , .u032905811e60ba3381c6305ce6e45c25:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u032905811e60ba3381c6305ce6e45c25 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u032905811e60ba3381c6305ce6e45c25 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u032905811e60ba3381c6305ce6e45c25 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u032905811e60ba3381c6305ce6e45c25 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u032905811e60ba3381c6305ce6e45c25:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u032905811e60ba3381c6305ce6e45c25 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u032905811e60ba3381c6305ce6e45c25 .u032905811e60ba3381c6305ce6e45c25-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u032905811e60ba3381c6305ce6e45c25:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Literacy Narrative, A Discourse Community Analysis, And A Writing Research EssayYou know I’d marry you if I could, but I can’t. ’†(Act I, pg. 14) M’Closky acknowledges the limitations of Zoe race in terms of marriage, and attempts to settle for her being his mistress. The sexualization of the tragic mulatto merges prohibitions against miscegenation with the reality that whites routinely used blacks as sexual objects. Even Scudder states that the only true thing in M’Closky’s body is his lust for Zoe. In a race-based society, the tragic mulatto found peace only in death, shown in Zoes suicide. Zoes suicide is depicted as the only way she could transcend the wretched ineffaceable mark of Cain. one drop poisons all the flood', yet her death defeats the writer’s purpose in attempting to make a sympathetic character. Instead Zoes death permits female white readers to identify with the victim by gender while estranging themselves because of her one-eighth blackness, since her death was inevitably caused by it. Thus the author avoids confronting a racial ideology that denies the full humanity of nonwhite women. With the tragic mulatto, the author romantically stresses the problem of miscegenation above the problems pertinent to African-Americans; therefore allowing the author to avoid more serious social issues and omit more representative characters. The household slave, Pete, takes on the stereotype of a Tom caricature. The Tom caricature portrays black men as faithful, happily submissive servants. This stock character posed a question to northern audiences, ‘How could slavery be so wrong, if they were so loyal and content? The Tom caricature was popularized after the publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin b Harriet Beecher Stowe. Constantly throughout the play Pete shows behavior very typically of that of the Tom caricature, submissive and faithful servant; resembling that of Stephen from the film Django Unchained, with his unflinching loyalty. Like Stephen, Pete shows an internalized racism towards other black characters especially the children threating to â€Å" ‘kill so me on ‘em sure†, and dehumanizing them by calling them â€Å" ‘darkies.. dem black tings niggers†(Act 1, pg. ) These stock characters are typically shown with a cane or a limp, a they are usually lame, as seen in the stage directions for the first entrance of Pete, â€Å"Enter PETE, R. U. E. , (he is lame)†(Act I, pg. 5) The Tom is old, physically weak, eager to serve, a dependable worker, and is psychologically dependent on whites for approval. â€Å"Point. Aged seventy-two. Pete. Whats dat? A mistake, sarforty-six. ?Point. Lame.? Pete. But dont mount to nuffinkin work cannel. Come, Judge, pick up. Nows your time, sar. Jackson. One hundred dollars.? Pete. What, sar? Me! For melook ye here! (Dances. )† This excerpt from Act III, pg. 6, displays how despereate Pete truly is for approval, he lowers his age just to be sold, insists that he is still able to work though he is lame, and dances for the crowd of slave-owners, similar to that of characters in Tom shows, which were emptied of the noble traits the original Tom held. By perpetuating black stereotypes, Boucicaut fails in nearly the same way Uncle Tom’s Cabin did. In preserving these stock characters, the play fails to represent the reality of slavery, and fails to offer a more realistic cast of characters. Instead the play relies on caricatures to attempt to appeal to the masses of the antebellum period. Bibliography: Ariela J. Gross, What Blood Wont Tell: A History of Race on Trial in America, p. 61. Brown, S. (1969). Negro poetry and drama and the Negro in American fiction. New York, NY: Atheneum. Furnas, J. C. Goodbye Uncle Tom. New York: Sloane Associates, 1956. Print. Boucicault, Dion. The Octoroon. London: J. Dicks, n.d. Print.

Self Defence Issues and Implication in Cyberspace

Introduction Cyber crime is a growing global problem. Despite intense efforts by law enforcement officers to stop the practice, cyber crime continues to spread. Brenner (2010) says that partly, the growth of cyber crime stems from the extra-territorial nature of the practice. On the contrary, Wall (2007) argues that the growth of cyber crime mainly stems from the changing nature of such crimes.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Self Defence Issues and Implication in Cyberspace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The abuse of new technology has also led to the spread of this practice. Consequently, there have been rising numbers of cyber attacks in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US). These countries have reported cyber crimes for many years and despite the increased attempts to curb their spread, they continue to increase. Loader (2012) reports that developed countries, which do not have an est ablished internet connection also, report increased incidences of cyber crime.  The American government has taken cyber security with utmost importance. In fact, the US Homeland Security considers America as a thriving ground for cyber crimes. This is because America is not only a victim of such attacks, but also the source of most attacks (Schell 2004). The Anti-Phishing Working Group recently produced new statics that show the growth of cyber crimes within the past year (Chik 2012). Increased awareness of cyber crime in the UK and America has largely informed the rise in the number of cyber crime litigation in both countries. However, most of these litigations do not have a common legislative basis.  This paper explores the nature of cyber crime in the context of the law of defence (in the US and the UK). From this analysis, this paper highlights the legal underpinnings of UK and US laws on self-defence. A lot of emphasis is made to compare the application of the law of defenc e on cyber crime, viz-a-viz the application of the same laws in the â€Å"physical world.† In this regard, this paper explores the law of defence (as outlined by the UN), the right to bear arms, and the implications of these laws in the cyberspace. UK and US Laws on Cyber Crime America Since federal and state governments govern American states, the process of formulating laws divides between the state and federal governments. Usually, state laws are more applicable to cyber crime, unless there is a special situation where there is a need for Federal intervention (Chik 2012). For example, when cyber crime threatens national security, Federal cyber laws may apply.Advertising Looking for research paper on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Alternatively, when the prevention of cyber crime requires the uniform application of law, the Federal government may intervene in the formulation (or enforcement) of such laws. Therefore, because of the distributed functions of state and federal governments, both governments have contributed in the formulation and enforcement of cyber law. Nonetheless, because of the political differences in America, every state formulates and enforces their laws. There is therefore no legal requirement for all American states to adopt uniform laws (Chik 2012). UK Specific legislations on cyber crime in Europe inform UK’s cyber laws. Indeed, there is a close relationship between Europe’s public policy on self-defence and UK’s legislations on the same. For example, the UK is subject to cyber crime legislations, as formulated by Council of Europe (CoE). Therefore, the provisions of self-defence laws (under the convention) are applicable in the UK, as they are applicable in other European countries (that are signatories to the convention). The close historical, geographic, and economic relation between UK and Europe inform the close interconnection betwe en the UK and Europe’s cyber laws. Nonetheless, the most common law governing cyber crime in the UK is the Computer Misuse Act of 1990 (Securelist 2012). The government has however updated this act with newer and stiffer penalties. The quest to update this law came from the inadequacies of existing laws to curb hacking activities within the UK. More so, this issue came into sharp focus when previously existing legislations failed to convict Stephen Gold and Robert Schifreen for gaining unauthorised access to a UK organisation, BT Prestel services. Because of the inadequacy of the law to convict the two suspects, the court acquitted them. The Right of Defence Normally, every country has a right to defend its people against any form of attack. However, technological advancements have introduced a new form of attack, which contravenes the conventional wisdom regarding the right to defend a country. The cyberspace is the platform where conventional rules of self-defence have been broken (Arsene 2012).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Self Defence Issues and Implication in Cyberspace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, as Moore (2010) observes, several countries still adopt a conventional approach to prevent cyber attacks. For example, the US uses the military to defend the country against cyber attacks. Arsene (2012) questions the justification for doing so, because there are many risks associated with adopting a military approach to defending a country against cyber attacks. One risk is the overlap of self-defence and conventional space defence strategies. In other words, militarising cyber security may take a war-like approach, which should not be the case. Therefore, while conventional wisdom may approve the use of force in conventional space, the use of force as a right to self-defence may not work in the cyber world. Therefore, even though a cyber attack may manifest the same characteristics as a conventional attack, responding to such an attack with force may be unlawful (Arsene 2012).  People often compare the self-defence law to the English law. Researchers say this law is part of private defence because it allows for the use of illegal means to prevent an attack (or protect a country from harm) (Himma 2008). In Britain, this law stems from the common law and the criminal law act of 1967 (Samaha 2005). One common principle of self-defence rules focus on the use of reasonable force to prevent an attack. Therefore, from the nature of the law, self-defence is more of a justification as opposed to an excuse (Scheb 2011, p. 417). Globally, the right of self-defence in cyber attacks is still an unresolved issue. Indeed, because of some complexities identified when comparing cyber attacks with conventional attacks, it is difficult for countries to exercise (blindly) their right to self-defence without considering the unique dynamics of cyber attac ks (Committee on Deterring Cyber attacks 2010, p. 163). The UK and the US share the same approach to cyber attacks. Both countries propose the use of force when cyber attacks result in death, injury, harm, or destruction of property. However, the US has been most vocal about this provision. In fact, there are loud calls in the US to treat cyber attacks like â€Å"ordinary† attacks if they cause death or property destruction. The US Defence Department claims that it will not hesitate to use force to defend itself against cyber attacks that can kill, destroy property, or harm its people.Advertising Looking for research paper on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Right of Defence as Per the UN Law and Proportionality of Response Article 2 (4) of the UN charter describes situations when countries can use force for self-defence (Ellen 2012). The clause discourages the use of force as a means to solve international conflicts, but it approves it when states need to defend themselves from external aggression. Article 51 of the UN charter stipulates this provision (Ellen 2012). Many people have interpreted the provisions of this charter to either support or oppose the use of force as a self-defence mechanism in cyberspace attacks (Jasper 2012). Here, the main dilemma centres on whether to use force, even when there is no armed attack (like in the cyberspace). Some analysts have approved the use of force in such situations, while others deny the use of force (Ellen 2012). Because of the dilemma caused by the application of Article 51 (the use of force as a self-defence mechanism), the International Court of Justice has been forced to interpret the use of force as a self-defence mechanism. Milhorn (2007) explains the court’s ruling by demonstrating that the use of force as a self-defence mechanism only applies to situations where there is significant and the real threat of a country. The charter also stipulates that the use of force only apply to the specific country that wants to defend itself (Ellen 2012). Moreover, the article says that the intention to defend the country using force should show a high probability of success. Lastly, the charter says that the force applied should be proportional to the damage suffered from the attack (Schiller 2010). All the above stipulations are difficult to apply in the cyberspace. In fact, some observers say it is impossible to apply the above provisions in cyber crime (Wyler 2005). Usually, the complication arises when determining any direct loss of life (or any loss of property) that meets the conditions of triggering article 51. Broadly, it is often difficult to find the e vidence that would trigger the activation of article 51. The complications brought by the nature of cyber crime also pose a challenge to the implementation of article 51 of the UN charter because some cyber crimes are difficult to trace to one country. Moreover, even if a state traces the source of the attack to one country, they may not know the individual who is directing the attack (Wyler 2005). For example, an attacker may infiltrate innocent servers and use them to direct the attacks, as a zombie. Furthermore, trying to trace such attackers may consume a lot of time. Estonia and Iran provide examples of the difficulty of tracing attackers because even though the countries experienced cyber attacks a few years back, they have still been unable to know the real identity of the attackers. Lastly, the main issue affecting the use of force (as stipulated in article 51 of the UN charter) rests on the need to prove proportionality and necessity (Himma 2008, p. 410). Besides the time-c onsuming nature of knowing the identity of attackers, it is also difficult to prove that allowing a counter-attack may achieve the objective of preventing the attack. Similarly, it is difficult to limit the effects on intended targets if a defensive attack occurs. From the strict circumstances that the UN allows defensive attacks, it is difficult to meet the criterion for launching an armed attack in cyber crime (Carr 2011, p. 50). Therefore, even though cyber attacks may interfere with a country’s economic sphere, air space, maritime space, and territorial integrity, it is difficult to depend on article 51 of the UN charter to justify defensive attacks on cyber crimes. Right to Bear Arms In the UK, the right to bear arms is part of the English common law. Scholars, such as, Aristotle and Machiavelli have also recognised this right as part of a person’s right to self-defence. Similarly, the US constitution also acknowledges the right to bear arms as part of self-defenc e laws. The same protection replicates in several state constitutions. Still in the US, the government introduced the right to bear arms as a second amendment to the bill of rights. In the UK, the common law tradition acknowledges the right to bear arms (Wyler 2005).  Parliamentary supremacy in the UK has however imposed many regulations to the right to bear arms. For example, the prerogative to control the right to bear arms shifted from the monarch to parliament. Notably, the Pistol act of 1903 was the main legislative provision that regulated the right to bear arms (Wyler 2005). The right to bear arms covers several weapons that are offensive to the law. Knives and firearms are the main weapons considered offensive by the UK law. While the right to bear arms may be a critical part of self-defence law, its applicability in the cyberspace is impractical. Indeed, the right to bear arms aim to protect a person from a physical assault (or harm). However, attacks in the cyber world a re intangible. Similarly, as other situations described in this paper, it is difficult to know the attacker. Therefore, it is equally difficult to apply the right to bear arms as a means to protect a person from cyberspace attacks. Case Studies Cyber space security poses unique challenges to the application of self-defence laws. For example, when two people share organisational resources through open port access, it is difficult to establish the legal justification for using self-defence legal provisions if an attacker tries to infiltrate the cyber network. This situation is true when one party gives another party the authority to gain access to the organisation’s resources, and the second party responds to a security threat through the established connection. Technically, the second party would not be breaching the law because he responds to the attacker through an established connection. In the above situation, it is difficult to establish the right legal framework for appr oaching the issue because the intention of the attacker is not established. If the second party knew the intention of the attacker, it would be easier to justify the action of the second party who acts in self-defence. This scenario elopes in the Computer misuse act, which seeks to establish the intention of the attacker (first) before any legal consequences are determined. Without knowing the intention of the attacker, it is difficult to establish that the law was broken. An incident that occurred in the UK, in 2004, demonstrates the need to establish the intention of the attacker before castigating an attacker. Here, an organisation accused a teenager of destroying a server by sending millions of mails to the server (Ellen 2012). However, the court ruled that the defendant had not contravened the computer misuse act because his actions did not lead to any unauthorised changes to the information in the computers. The failure to prove the intention of the defendant proved to be the biggest weakness here. However, if the organisation could prove that the teenager changed the information in their servers, they would have established the intention of the attack and held the defendant liable for his actions. They however failed to do so. The above case highlights the need to establish the intention of an attacker as he tries to gain access to the cyber network. With the absence of a determined intention from the attacker, it is difficult to justify a response to an enemy threat. Therefore, the existence of the intention to gain unauthorised access to a cyber attack does not provide sufficient ground to warrant a counter-attack. However, if the attacker went further and altered information on the servers, substantial grounds for a response would be sufficient to warrant a conviction. In a situation where an attacker declares that he is part of a wider network of global cyber commons, issues of self-defence also arise because if an attacker is part of the global cyb er commons, he may install cookies into an organisation’s resources. Cookie installation poses significant threats to online privacy and security because an organisation’s resources could be availed to a third party, thereby compromising an organisation’s cyber safety. Indeed, through the installation of cookies, an attacker may easily access an organisation’s resources and use them to harm it. Bajaj (2012) says that the installation of cookies resembles the storage of an organisation’s resource in a central database where everyone can gain access to it. Moreover, an attacker may intercept an organisation’s traffic (through cookies sent on ordinary unencrypted Http sessions) and use the information acquired here to harm the organisation (Bajaj 2012). Therefore, even though an attacker may be part of the global cyber commons, he may pose significant threats to an organisation. These threats prompt organisations to defend themselves. Therefore , based on the severity and the possibility of such threats occurring, it is crucial for an organisation to defend itself from such risks. Stated differently, if a burglar enters a person’s house, the owner of the house has a right to defend himself. However, the cyberspace (as part of the global cyber common) poses unique challenges to cyber security (and more specifically for issues of self-defence). Albeit an artificial one, Bajaj (2012) explains that the cyberspace is part of the global cyber commons. Therefore, like other national assets like the sea, oceans, land, and air, states need to protect the global cyber commons against any attack. However, unlike physical resources like land and oceans, the global cyber common does not have national borders. Therefore, except for a few strategies discussed in this report, it is very difficult to defend a country/organisation (completely) from attacks in the global cyber commons. However, if an attacker declares that he is part of the global cyber commons and installs cookies in an organisation’s resource base, the law of self-defence applies because as a resource owner it is crucial to monitor the activities of every website visitor. Even though there may be significant flaws in comparing the cyberspace with the physical world, monitoring visitor activities on an organisation’s website resembles installing CCTV cameras to monitor shoppers’ activities in a supermarket. This is a critical safety measure of self-defence.  Nationally, states also protect their interest in the global commons because they understand the implications of the global cyber commons on national security and strategic interests (Bajaj 2012). This is especially more profound in the US. Therefore, protecting a nation’s interest in the cyber common network forms part of national defence. The same justifications, which countries use to protect their national interests in the cyber commons, outline the justifi cation for the enforcement of self-defence laws to monitor visitors’ activities on an organisation’s website.  Different organisations have adopted different strategies for defending themselves against attacks from the global commons. One such strategy is the installation of filters to enforce censorship. However, none of these strategies provide absolute protection to an organisation because the protocols for gaining access to organisational resources are accessible from anywhere in the world. Therefore, different servers and networks can access company resources from different locations around the world. Broadly, the laws for defending an organisation/country against cyber attacks are still unrefined, but it is crucial to say, different countries and organisations continue to pursue the same strategy they would use when defending themselves against physical attacks. Conclusion Self-defence laws aim to protect people and organisations from injury, or harm. However, the changing technological nature of the environment has brought new challenges to the applicability of these laws. Often, the law has played catch up to cyberspace attacks and even developed countries are still grappling with the challenge of enforcing self-defence laws without contravening other laws. This paper demonstrates that the provision for the enforcement of self-defence laws pose unique challenges to the enforcement of the same laws in the cyber world. Therefore, albeit cyber attacks may bear the same characteristics of an armed attack, it is difficult for organisations to evoke self-defence laws, even as outlined by article 51 of the UN charter. Some of the unique challenges posed to the enforcement of self-defence laws in the cyber world include proportionality issues, the trans-national nature of cyber attacks, and the difficulty experienced in identifying the attacker.  Besides the above challenges, it is similarly difficult to invoke self-defence laws (at least in the conventional way) in cyber attacks because cyber attacks (often) do not lead to the direct loss of life. Therefore, there is a significant mismatch between the use of armed attacks (as a self-defence mechanism) because it is difficult to satisfy the conditions for approving armed attacks in the cyberspace.  This paper also highlights significant differences and similarities in the applicability of defence laws in the UK and the US. By the nature of their geography and distribution, both countries are subject to larger legislative provisions in cyber laws. For example, the UK is a signatory to European laws on cyber attacks, while cyber defence laws that the Federal government formulates also bind American states. Even though cyber defence laws continue to evolve in these countries, the English common law is the basis of their enforcement. In America, the bill of rights also plays a critical role in the enforcement of these laws. Nonetheless, throughout the analyses in this pap er, there is a clear trend towards the militarisation of self-defence laws in cyberspace (especially in the US) (Greenwald 2012, p. 2). Analysts should treat this trend with a lot of caution because the militarisation of self-defence laws in the cyber world may fail to achieve the same objectives they would achieve in the â€Å"real† world. It is therefore pertinent for international and local laws to encompass the unique dynamics of cyberspace attacks. The introduction of a new set of laws to accommodate these dynamics may be a good start for many countries to address the unique challenges of the cyber world. References Arsene, L. 2012, U.S. to Apply Self-Defense Rule if Cyber Attacks Turn Hostile. Web. Bajaj, K. 2012, Cyberspace as Global Commons. Web. Brenner, S. 2010, Cybercrime: Criminal Threats from Cyberspace, ABC-CLIO, New York. Carr, J. 2011, Inside Cyber Warfare: Mapping the Cyber Underworld, O’Reilly Media, Inc., New York. Chik, W. 2012, Challenges to Crimin al Law Making in the New Global Information Society: A Critical Comparative Study of the Adequacies of Computer-Related Criminal Legislation in the United States, the United Kingdom and Singapore. Web. Committee on Deterring Cyber attacks 2010, Proceedings of a Workshop on Deterring Cyberattacks: Informing Strategies and Developing Options for U.S. Policy, National Academies Press, New York. Ellen, M. 2012, ‘Cyber Security without Cyber War’, J Conflict Security Law, vol. 17 no. 2, pp. 187-209. Greenwald, G. 2012, Various matters: cyberwar, last gasps, and hate speech. Web. Himma, K. 2008, The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics, John Wiley Sons, London. Jasper, S. 2012, Conflict and Cooperation in the Global Commons: A Comprehensive Approach for International Security, Georgetown University Press, Georgetown. Loader, B. 2012, Cybercrime: Security and Surveillance in the Information Age, Routledge, London. Milhorn, T. 2007, Cybercrime: How to Avoid Becoming a V ictim, Universal-Publishers, New York. Samaha, J. 2005, Criminal Justice, Cengage Learning, London. Securelist 2012, Cybercrime and the law: a review of U.K. computer crime legislation. Web. Scheb, J. 2011, Criminal Law, Cengage Learning, London. Schell, B. 2004, Cybercrime: A Reference Handbook, ABC-CLIO, New York. Schiller, J. 2010, Cyber Attacks Protection, CreateSpace, New York. Wall, D. 2007, Cybercrime: The Transformation of Crime in the Information Age, Polity, New York. Wyler, N. 2005, Aggressive Network Self-Defense, Elsevier, Massachussets. This research paper on Self Defence Issues and Implication in Cyberspace was written and submitted by user Barbara Berry to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The History of Human Interactions with Caribou

The History of Human Interactions with Caribou Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus, and known as caribou in North America), were among the last animals domesticated by humans, and some scholars argue that they still arent fully tame. There are currently about 2.5 million domesticated reindeer located in nine countries, and about 100,000 people occupied in tending them. That accounts for about half the total population of reindeer in the world. Social differences between reindeer populations show that domestic reindeer have an earlier breeding season, are smaller and have a less-strong urge to migrate than their wild relatives. While there are multiple subspecies (such as R. t. tarandus and R. t. fennicus), those subcategories include both domestic and wild animals. That is likely the result of continued interbreeding between domesticated and wild animals, and support of scholars contentions that domestication took place relatively recently. Reindeer Key Takeaways Reindeer were first domesticated in eastern Russia between 3000–1000 years agoThere are about 5 million reindeer on our planet, about half are domesticated todayArchaeological evidence shows reindeer were first hunted by humans during the Upper Paleolithic of about 45,000 years agoThe same species are called caribou in North America Why Domesticate a Reindeer? Ethnographic evidence from pastoral peoples of the Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic (such as the Sayan, Nenets, Sami, and Tungus) exploited (and still do) the reindeer for meat, milk, riding, and pack transport. Reindeer saddles used by ethnic Sayan appear to be derived from horse saddles of the Mongolian steppes; those used by Tungus are derived from Turkic cultures on the Altai steppe. Sledges or sleds drawn by draft animals, also have attributes that appear to be adapted from those used with  cattle or horses. These contacts are estimated to have occurred no longer ago than about 1000 BCE. Evidence for the use of sledges has been identified as long ago 8,000 years ago during the Mesolithic in the Baltic Sea basin of northern Europe, but they were not used with reindeer until much later. Studies on reindeer mtDNA completed by Norwegian scholar Knut Rà ¸ed and colleagues identified at least two separate and apparently independent reindeer domestication events, in eastern Russia and Fenno-Scandia (Norway, Sweden, and Finland). Substantial interbreeding of wild and domestic animals in the past obscures DNA differentiation, but even so, the data continue to support at least two or three independent domestication events, probably within the past two or three thousand years. The earliest event was in eastern Russia; evidence for domestication in Fenno-Scandia suggests that domestication may not have occurred there until as late as the Medieval period. Reindeer / Human History Reindeer live in cold climates, and they feed mostly on grass and lichen. During the fall season, their bodies are fat and strong, and their fur is quite thick. The prime time for hunting reindeer, then, would be in the fall, when hunters could collect the best meat, strongest bones and sinews, and thickest fur, to help their families survive the long winters. Archaeological evidence of ancient human predation on reindeer includes amulets, rock art and effigies, reindeer bone and antler, and the remains of mass hunting structures. Reindeer bone and antler and artifacts made from them have been recovered from the French Upper Paleolithic sites of Combe Grenal and Vergisson, suggesting that reindeer were hunted at least as long ago as 45,000 years. Mass Reindeer Hunting Rock art of Alta (UNESCO World Heritage Site), petroglyphs in the Alta Fjord, Norway.   Ã‚  Manuel ROMARIS / Moment / Getty Images Two large mass hunting facilities, similar in design to desert kites, have been recorded in the Varanger peninsula of far northern Norway. These consist of a circular enclosure or pit with a pair of rock lines leading outward in a V–shape arrangement. Hunters would drive the animals into the wide end of the V and then down into the corral, where the reindeer would be slaughtered en masse or kept for a period of time. Rock art panels in the Alta fjord of northern Norway depict such corrals with reindeer and hunters, substantiating the interpretation of the Varanger kites as hunting corrals. Pitfall systems are believed by scholars to have been used beginning in the late Mesolithic (ca. 5000 BCE), and the Alta fjord rock art depictions date to approximately the same time, ~4700–4200 cal  BCE. Evidence for mass kills involving driving reindeer into a lake along two parallel fences built of stone cairns and poles has been found at four sites in southern Norway, used during the second half of the 13th century CE; and mass kills conducted this way are recorded in European history as late as the 17th century. Reindeer Domestication Scholars believe, for the most part, that it is unlikely that humans successfully controlled much of reindeer behavior or affected any morphological changes in reindeer until about 3000 years ago or so. It is unlikely, rather than certain, for a number of reasons, not the least because there is no archaeological site which shows evidence for the domestication of reindeer, at least as yet. If they exist, the sites would be located in the Eurasian Arctic, and there has been little excavation there to date. Genetic changes measured in Finnmark, Norway, were recently documented for 14 reindeer samples, consisting of faunal assemblages from archaeological sites dated between 3400 BCE to 1800 CE. A distinct haplotype shift was identified in the late medieval period, ca. 1500–1800 CE, which is interpreted as evidence of a shift to reindeer pastoralism. Why Werent Reindeer Domesticated Earlier? Why reindeer were domesticated so late is speculation, but some scholars believe that it may relate to the docile nature of reindeer. As wild adults, reindeer are willing to be milked and stay close to human settlements, but at the same time they are also extremely independent, and dont need to be fed or housed by humans. Although some scholars have argued that reindeer were kept as domestic herds by hunter-gatherers beginning the late Pleistocene, a recent study of reindeer bones dated from 130,000 to 10,000 years ago showed no morphological changes in reindeer skeletal material at all over that period. Further, reindeer are still not found outside their native habitats; both of these would be physical marks of domestication. In 2014,  Swedish biologists Anna Skarin and Birgitta Ã…hman reported a study from the reindeers perspective and conclude that human structures- fences and houses and the like- block the reindeers ability to range freely. Simply put, humans make reindeer nervous: and that may very well be why the human–reindeer domestication process is a difficult one. Recent Smi Research Indigenous Smi people began reindeer husbandry by the Medieval period, when the reindeer were used as a food source, but also for traction and carrying loads. They have been interested and actively involved in several recent research projects. Evidence for physical changes in reindeer bones caused by humans using them for load-pulling, carrying and riding has been investigated recently by archaeologists Anna-Kaisa Salmi and Sirpa Niinimki. They examined skeletons of four reindeer reported to have been used for traction, and while they did identify some evidence of patterned skeletal wear and tear, it was not consistent enough to be clear evidence without additional support for the reindeers use as a draft animal.   Norwegian biologist Knut Rà ¸ed and colleagues investigated DNA from 193 reindeer samples from Norway, dated between 1000 and 1700 CE. They identified an influx of new haplotypes in reindeer who died in the 16th and 17th centuries. Rà ¸ed and colleagues believe that likely represents trade in reindeer, as the annual winter Smi trading markets including traders from the south and east into Russia were instituted by then.   Sources Anderson, David G., et al. Landscape Agency and Evenki-Iakut Reindeer Husbandry Along the . Human Ecology 42.2 (2014): 249–66. Print.Zhuia River, Eastern SiberiaBosinski, Gerhard. Remarks on the Grave above Burial 2 at the Sungir Site (Russia). Anthropologie 53.1–2 (2015): 215–19. Print.Ingold, Tim. From the Masters Point of View: Hunting . Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 21.1 (2015): 24–27. Print. IsSacrificeOShea, John, et al. A 9,000-Year-Old Caribou Hunting Structure beneath Lake Huron. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.19 (2014): 6911–1015. Print.Rautio, Anna-Maria, Torbjà ¶rn Josefsson, and Lars Ãâ€"stlund. Sami Resource Utilization and Site Selection: Historical Harvesting of Inner Bark in Northern Sweden. Human Ecology 42.1 (2014): 137–46. Print.Rà ¸ed, Knut H., Ivar Bjà ¸rklund, and Bjà ¸rnar J. Olsen. From Wild to Domestic Reindeer – Genetic Evidence of a Non-Native Origin of Reindeer Pas toralism in Northern Fennoscandia. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 19 (2018): 279–86. Print. Salmi, Anna-Kaisa, and Sirpa Niinimki. Entheseal Changes and Pathological Lesions in Draught Reindeer Skeletons–Four Case Studies from Present-Day Siberia. International Journal of Paleopathology 14 (2016): 91–99. Print.Skarin, Anna, and Birgitta Ã…hman. Do Human Activity and Infrastructure Disturb Domesticated Reindeer? The Need for the Reindeer’s Perspective. Polar Biology 37.7 (2014): 1041–54. Print.Willerslev, Rane, Piers Vitebsky, and Anatoly Alekseyev. Sacrifice as the Ideal Hunt: A Cosmological Explanation for the Origin of Reindeer Domestication. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 21.1 (2015): 1–23. Print.

Initiation of the KERP projects programme and the execution of the Movie Review

Initiation of the KERP projects programme and the execution of the First project by Kuwait oil company - Movie Review Example Kuwait Environmental Remediation Program (KERP) aims at dealing with the elimination of pollutants or impurities from environmental media resulting from the oil explosion. KERP seeks to ensure the realization of three key objectives. The first objective is to direct Kuwait National Focal Point (KNFP) in the accomplishment of the KERP. The second objective is to undertake remediation of damaged terrestrial resources by means such as fencing and patrolling of five designated areas. The third objective is to remedy areas damaged by oil leaks, oil contaminated piles, oil trenches, and oil spills. Military contributed to Kuwait’s environmental damages through a series of activities. The movement of vehicles and heavy weaponry damaged the delicate desert environment by affecting the plant cover that in turn affected the sensitive ecosystem. The physical esthetic value of the environment in turn was destroyed, and aridity started engulfing the lands of Kuwait. In 1994, Kuwait government submitted environmental claims that aimed at monitoring and realizing remediation mechanisms to restore and improve Kuwait’s ecological status. After studies on the same subject matter, in the period 2001 to 2007, Public Authorities for the Assessment of Compensation proposed remediation technologies to enable rehabilitation of the damaged environment. The steps are aimed at bringing recovery and restoration to the deteriorated environmental status in Kuwait. On August 2, 1990, the State of Kuwait sustained extensive environmental damages because of the Iraqi aggression against Kuwait and the 1991 Gulf War. The United Nations Compensation Commission (UNCC) recognized the provision of reparations to affected countries, companies and individuals. In December 2005, the UNCC completed the appraisal of all claims for environmental damages in visualization of remediating environmental damages. The UNCC issued Decision 258

Speed Limits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Speed Limits - Essay Example The speed limit differs from region to region and highways have higher speed limits than areas with high population example areas near a school, the setting of speed limits depends on the nature of the road, accident records of a section of the road and judgment of engineers and politicians. This paper discusses the importance or the advantages of speed limits. Speed limits are put in place in order to reduce accidents, some roads have had many fatal accidents which are directly related to speed, therefore in order to reduce such accidents there are laws that limit the speed in order to reduce accidents. Roads that pass through residential or highly populated areas have a lower speed limit in order to reduce the accidents these vehicles may cause, from physics kinetic energy rises as the speed rises, therefore the kinetic energy at impact will increase as the speed rises and therefore high speeds will lead to more fatal accidents. The speed limit allows motorist to travel at reasonable speed, some sections of a road may have high number of fatal accidents in the past and in order to reduce these accidents the speed limit is reduced to reduce such accidents. Therefore the speed limits reduce the number of injuries and deaths that may occur due to over speeding motorists. It is also evident that speed limits enable police to apprehend criminals, in most cases the police are able to identify criminals on roads. Criminals will tend to drive at high speeds which helps the police to identify the criminals and as a result this has a negative effect on crime rate, drivers driving under the influence of alcohol also tend to drive at high speeds and therefore the police are also able to identify them, as a result of this we can state that the speed limits reduce crime and other deviant behaviors. The fines imposed on road users because of over speeding is a source of revenue to the government, therefore speed limit laws earn the government some revenue which helps in the provision of public goods, however this revenue is not of much importance than the protection of road users from other careless drivers who do not follow road rules. Environmental protection is also an advantage of setting the speed limit, speeding vehicles consume more fuel and therefore pollutes the environment more, therefore by setting the speed limit fuel consumption is reduced and as a result the environment is protected, therefore speed limits do not only help in reducing accidents and help the police in arresting criminals but also helps in protecting the environment. The other advantage of setting the speed limit is that it is possible to identify wreck less drivers on the road, some road users do not obey traffic rules and therefore may cause accidents which may lead to the loss of lives even to innocent motorists, as a result of this these wreck less drivers are identified and their license suspended or fined in court. The speed limits should be viewed as a law that governs road users to drive reasonably, if the speed limit on the roads were removed then we will definitely be increasing the number of accidents, deaths and injuries on the road, the other problem that would rise is pollution and this is because speeding vehicles consume more fuel and therefore pollutes the environment more. Conclusion: From the above discussion it is evident that speed limits are there to protect lives,

Identify the Mission, Objectives, and Responsibilities of an Organisation Within It’s Environment Essay Example for Free

Identify the Mission, Objectives, and Responsibilities of an Organisation Within It’s Environment Essay An organisation is defined as ‘A group of people working together’ (Collins Dictionary 2001). An organisation is generally accepted as a unit working together to achieve the same goals. Concurring with this statement, Mintzberg (1997) defined goals as ‘the intentions behind decisions or actions, the states of mind that drive individuals or collectives of individuals called organisations to do what they do’. In order for an organisation to work, set guidelines have to be put in place for both short and long term aspirations, to ensure that the organisation is moving as a whole, a unit, to avoid separation, miscommunication, and misunderstanding. This can be achieved by administering a meaningful and worthwhile strategic plan consisting of a progressive, hierarchical set of aims. This will give each individual, as well as the organisation as a whole, a purpose. A set of aims can be as follows (Business Essentials 2010); An example of this would be my current place of employment. Their Vision Statement is as follows; ‘We are committed to providing a modern, efficient, and cost effective service focused on meeting our customer’s needs in a friendly , timely, and accurate manner, and will provide the necessary resources to enable achievement of our objectives. We will be readily accessible to everyone in the community to maximise social inclusion, minimise barriers to work and assist people to live in decent housing. We will process claims quickly and accurately, while actively reducing the incidences of fraud or error through investigation. Where fraudulent intent is proven, we will seek to apply appropriate sanctions as a deterrent against future activity. Where we seek to collect money, we will issue bills promptly and correctly. Where recovery action is required, we will act quickly, fairly, and impartially, but with due regard to social welfare and human rights of our customers.’ (Heather Tiso, 1995) However something so unobtainable may not be in the forefront of people’s minds. This is summed up in the following article statement ‘Mission statement in some companies has a huge influence in all management levels of the firm, but in others it is still just addition on the wall and usually what’s forgotten.’ Values of an organisation are more likely to be remembered, as they are more relatable to people within. The values upheld by the people within my organisation, are that of trust, respect, pride in work, ability to take ownership, two way communication – to give as well as to receive, to maintain excellent customer service at all time, to help each other out if need be, to feel comfortable and confident enough to speak up if they have any ideas for improvements, to strive for fairness, equality, and diversity, versatility, flexibility, taking responsibility for their own development, to be open minded as our line of service is ever changing. This encourages a culture of people that are able to pull together against constant adversity, and still achieve excellent results, as well as continually exceed Service Level Agreements (SLAs). The key objectives of my organisation, can be broken down in to the following examples; †¢Operational Goal – to increase revenue (Objective – decrease number of incorrect subsidy claims by 10%) †¢Non Operational Goal – to modify behaviour of customers (Objective – to get customers to act and think in a productive manner) †¢Primary Objective – to maximise revenues with as little expenditure as possible †¢Secondary objective(s) – to maintain excellent customer service, to strive for 100% accuracy, to maintain excellent working relationships with stakeholders. †¢Corporate Objectives – To increase customer satisfaction, to minimise risk, to ensure a glide path is in place for these objectives. †¢Unit Objectives – to answer all calls within 20 seconds, to deal with all work items with a turnaround of 9 days, to see all customers visiting the offices within under 5 minutes, to identify and understand our customer’s needs, to maintain a very high level of service, to develop personal/professional relationships with stakeholders. The influence of stakeholders Identifying Stakeholders is a process of integration within the said organisation. This can be summarised with a statement from a World Bank Group article – ‘All parties should be listed which are likely to be affected by the development, both positively or negatively, directly or indirectly.’ Stakeholders in our company are highly valued and important, and therefore our relationships with them are maintained to a very high standard. Our organisation has numerous companies identified as Stakeholders. This is not just on a professional level, as on top of Internal Stakeholders (i.e. staff) we recognise a number of Connected Stakeholders (customers, suppliers,) and External Stakeholders (local community, the government). Therefore, overall Stakeholder influence is vast, extending way beyond just making a customer happy. The knock on effects of the positive or negative experience of that customer may affect my organisation greatly. As different Stakeholders have different interests, it is not possible to focus on all of them at once with a blanket gesture in the hope of satisfying all their needs. Their needs have to be prioritised by looking at individual objectives, and balancing important/urgent needs with needs that would not have an adverse effect or affect relationships by waiting to be dealt with. Examples of Stakeholders in my organisation, are employees, customers, and the Government. As staff are immediately and intimately connected with the organisation, their influence is going to possibly be the strongest influence. It has been said numerous times that employees are the most influential. Motivated employees are highly likely to be more productive in producing work, ideas, and meeting objectives. Coincidently, the objectives of staff, are to be treated fairly, be given equal opportunity, be recognised for the consistently excellent work they produce when the odds are stacked against them, feel secure in their job and working environment, and have a sense that they are achieving. These objectives are met in the most part, however, as the organisation as a whole has a hierarchy , and it tends to be the senior managers setting objectives and deciding whether these have been met. This can lead to the human element being lost, and people judged by numbers, as other factors aren’t always taken into consideration. This can affect morale, but ultimately, our nee ds are met. Achieving objectives of stakeholders One of our Connected Stakeholders, our customers, are generally the focal point of our work. The bottom line, is customers want a service provided with their individual interests in mind, with the least possible output from them. The saying ‘The Customer is Always Right’, is incorrect in my opinion. The customer may not know what they need, they need to be asked open and closed questions in order to ascertain exactly what service they require. Customers wish to be heard, treated with respect, and for a positive experience with whatever organisation they deal with. The needs of our customers are met, as they are one of the most important stakeholders. Failure to meet these needs may result in loss of business, complaints, and repercussions from higher management if objectives are not met. The Government is an example of our External Stakeholders. This is due to the fact we are a public sector organisation, and a direct derivative of Central Government. The Government’s objectives are mainly that their Corporate Objectives influence our Unit Objectives, as well as Primary/Secondary Objectives. We meet the requirements of the Government by adhering to their laws, policies, procedures, and implementing them whilst maintaining a professional forefront to other stakeholders, such as the general public.

Pitiful Human Condition Exposed in Endgame, Dumbwaiter, and The Horse D

The Pitiful Human Condition Exposed in Endgame, Dumbwaiter, and The Horse Dealer's Daughter      Ã‚   The three stories, The Endgame (Beckett), The Dumbwaiter (Pinter), and The Horse Dealer's Daughter (Lawrence) all deal with the themes of repression, repetition, and breakdowns in communication. The stories show us the subjectivity of language and exemplify the complexities of the human condition.    Samuel Beckett arrived on earth in Ireland on Good Friday, April 13, 1906. He then spent the rest of his life wanting to be somewhere else. Beckett's life was one of silence, solitude, and depression. He felt he did not belong in this world and he was disenchanted with societal convention and the hum-drum existence that was everyday life. He lived in Paris for awhile and became good friends with James Joyce, another Irish writer disenchanted with conventional ways of life.    Becketts works reflect his complex views of language, silence, and the ineffectual capacity of both to convey human thought. In Beckett's ideology, "Language is useless" and "he creates a mythical universe peopled by lonely creatures who struggle vainly to express the inexpressible. His characters exist in a terrible dreamlike vacuum, overcome by an overwhelming sense of bewilderment and grief, grotesquely attempting some form of communication, then crawling on, endlessly."    Beckett's short story, The Endgame, is about four people in an underground room waiting for death. The end of the world has apparently happened and they have survived in what is presumed to be a bomb shelter. Two of the characters live in trash cans. These two characters are the parents of our main character, Hamm, who is himself confined to a whe... ...he unconscious is the soul and all action should be from instinct. That is a scary thought!    Works Cited Beckett, Samuel. "The Endgame", (online) http://samuel-beckett.net Pinter, Harold. "The Dumb Waiter", The Caretaker and The Dumb Waiter, Grove Press, Inc., New York, 1965 Lawrence, D.H. "The Horse Dealer's Daughter", (online) "Samuel Beckett", (online) http://www.imagi-nation.com/moonstruck/clsc7.htm "Harold Pinter", (online) http://www.imagi-nation.com/moonstruck/clsc28.html Cliff Notes. "Harold Pinter - The Dumb Waiter"(online) Prentice Hall, (online) http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_guth_disclit_3/0,5308,342140-,00.html Nigel Harrison, Eastwood and D H Lawrence, (online) http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/nigel_h/dhl.htm Randall Albright, "The Horse Dealer's Daughter", (online) http://clik.to/rananim/   

Contradictions of War in the Things They Carried/Real Life

Alison Schiffner Contradictions of war 10/20/12 To most people war is a way that we settle disputes with other nations, but they don’t fully understand the intricate details that go along with it. Its not just about the guns, gernades and tanks, it brings out different aspects of soldiers personalities and I think should be more focused on the hardships that individual and groups of soldiers endure. The horrific situations that soldiers undergo can cause different types of actions that they would take because war is contradictory.Soldiers experience unimaginable stress that can make them appear weak or strong. Which is the biggest contradiction that war presents; war makes you strong and war makes you weak. There are numerous examples which can easily be found in the book The things they carried by Tim O’brien. Two stories that demonstrate it best are â€Å"the man I killed† and â€Å"speaking of courage. † Looking back through history also farther promote s the idea, like when America created the atomic bomb, and started a draft.Tim O’brian was a soldier in the **** he was young and didn’t want to go to war, but he had to. During his term he killed a young vietnemese soldier, even though that’s what he was sent there to do, his kind heart couldn’t forgive himself for doing something so terrible. His gut mistrict to throw the grenade gave him strength, because throwing something at someone with the intent to kill someone is something that majority of people will not be able to follow through with.This burst of courage gave him the strength to save his life. But after he killed him and the adrenalin thinned out in his veins he became weak. This is displayed by the dialogue, which on his part was entirely absent. Kiowa spent six hours telling him he did the right thing and they needed to move out, but Tim sat there staring at the body unresponsive. It shows that the sight of a dead body alone was too much for him to handle. To his platoon he appeared inadequit.Individual soldiers are exceptional demonstrations of the contradiction, looking back at history and the military power as a whole also establishes the inconsistency just as well. America produced the strongest fire power that the world has ever seen when creating the atomic bomb which its sheer power was enough to wipe out a whole city in one blow. The strength that America obtained from the bomb was not seen until after the use, but even during the production fear of American had been greatly increasing. Though our Amunition was top notch.